Chinese Herbology
Herbs that Release the Exterior（解表药）
Definition: Herbs that chiefly disperse the exterior evils and relieve exterior syndrome are called exterior- relieving herbs.
Functions and indications:
① Disperse the exterior evils→ Exterior syndrome.
② Relieves wheezing→Cough and wheezing.
③ Out thrust measles papules →Non -eruption of measles papules.
④ Stop pain → Wind -damp impediment(Bi)pain
Classification:
①Wind-cold-dispersing herb
②Wind-heat-dispersing herb
Wind-Cold-Dispersing Herb（发散风寒药）
Characteristics:
Acrid in flavor and warm in nature,disperse wind- cold to treat wind-cold exterior syndrome The action to promote sweating is strong and the dosage should not be too heavy.
Wind-cold-dispersing herb（发散风寒药）
| name | Characteristics for exterior syndrome due to external contraction | others |
| Ma huang | Wind-cold exterior excess syndrome | relieve wheezing Promote urine |
| Gui zhi | Wind-cold exterior excess syndrome Wind-cold exterior deficiency syndrome | Warm the channels and free yang |
| Zi su | External contraction due to wind-cold accompanied by oppression in the chest due to Qi stagnation | Calm fetus Detoxify |
| Sheng jiang | Mild External contraction due to wind-cold | Stop vomitingStop cough |
| Xiang ru | External contraction of cold and internal damage of dampness; disinhibit water and reduce edema | Promote urination and reduce edema |
| Jing jie | 1)Wind-cold exterior syndrome 2)wind-heat exterior syndrome | 1)charred to stop bleeding 2)papules and sores |
| Fang feng | wind cold Wind heat Wind dampness | Alleviate spasm |
| Qiang huo | External contraction of wind-cold accompanied by dampness | Stop pain(especially for disorder of the upper body) |
| Bai zhi | External contraction of wind-cold accompanied by dampness | good to stop yangming headache Disperse swelling and dispel pus |
| Xi xin | wind-cold exterior syndrome External contraction due to yang deficiency | stop pain Diffuse the nasal orifices Warm lung and transform rheum |
| Gao ben | Vertex headache due to external contraction of wind-cold | Dispel wind and overcome dampness |
| Cang er zi | Nasal congestion and headache due to external contraction of wind-cold | treat deep-source nasal congestion Dispel wind-dampness to stop the pain |
Wind-Heat-Dispersing Herb（发散风热药）
Characteristics:
①This kind of herb, acrid in flavor and cool in property, can disperse wind-heat to treat wind-heat exterior syndromes.
②Most of the herbs have the action to outthrust measles.
③Action to promote sweating is mild.
Wind-heat-dispersing herb（发散风热药）
| name | Characteristics of Wind-heat-dispersing herb | others |
| Bo he | Wind-heat exterior syndrome or onset of warm disease | clear and disinhibit the head and eyes help to benefit the throat Out thrust papules |
| Niu bang zi | Sore throat due to wind-heat exterior syndrome | Outthrust papules Detoxify and dissipate swelling |
| Chan tui | wind-heat exterior syndrome Wind-heat depressed in the lung Sore throat and loss of voice | Out thrust papules Improve the acuity of vision and abate eyescreen Extinguish wind and stop spasms |
| Dan dou chi | 1)wind-heat exterior syndrome 2) wind-cold exterior syndrome | Relieve irritability |
| Sang ye | Wind heat visiting the lung | clear lung and moisten dryness Clear the liver improve the acuity of visionCool blood |
| Ju hua | Red, pain, swelling eyes due to wind-heat | |
| Ge gen | Wind-heat or wind-cold accompanied by stiffness of the neck | Out thrust papulesRaise yang and stop diarrhea Engender body fluid and stop thirst |
| Chai hu | evil in the shao yang aspect Fever due to external contraction | soothe the liver and resolve depression raise yang Qi |
| Sheng ma | Wind-heat exterior syndrome accompanied by headache | Out thrust papules Upper Yang and raise the fall |
| Man jing zi | Wind-heat exterior syndrome causes headaches and dizziness |
Heat -Clearing and Fire-Draining Herb（清热泻火药）
Characteristics:
- This kind of herb can clear excessive Qi-level heat, the action to clear heat is strong.
2. These kinds of herbs are used to treat high fever, vexation, and thirst due to heat invading Qi-level in warm disease, and excessive fire heat syndrome.
Characteristics of Heat-clearing and fire-draining herb（清热泻火药）
| name | Characteristics of Heat Syndrome | others |
| Shi gao | Excessive heat in QI aspect Cough and asthma due to lung heat Toothache caused by stomach fire | Astringe and engender flesh when calcined |
| Zhi mu | Excessive heat in QI aspects. cough due to lung heat Effulgent yin deficiency fire | Nourish yin and moisten dryness |
| Lu gan | Thirst due to febrile diseases Lung-heat cough | Relieve restlessness and stop vomiting |
| Tian hua fen | Thirst due to febrile diseases Dry cough caused by lung-heat | Eliminate swelling and expel pus |
| Zhi zi | restlessness due to febrile diseases Fire from the heart and stomach liver -fire red eyes | clear heat and disinhibit dampness Cool blood and detoxify Eliminate swelling and pain |
| xia ku cao | Excessive fire from the liver channel | Dissipate masses |
| Jue ming zi | Red eyes due to liver-fire | nourish liver-yin Lubricate intestines and promote bowel movement |
Heat-Clearing and Dampness-Drying Herb（清热燥湿药）
Characteristics:
- All the herbs are bitter in flavor and cold in property. Bitterness can dry dampness and cold can clear heat.
These kind of herbs have functions of clearing heat and drying dampness, draining fire, and detoxifying.
2. Appropriate for damp-heat syndrome and fire-heat syndrome.
3. Cold and bitterness can damage Yin and Yang so the dosage should not be too heavy. Individuals with spleen -stomach deficiency cold or with damage to fluids and Yin depletion should be used with care.
Characteristics of Heat-Clearing and Dampness-Drying Herbs（清热燥湿药）
| Name | Characteristics of Damp-Heat syndrome | others |
| Huang qin | Gloom and oppression due to damp-warmth | Clear lung fire clear heat and calm fetus Clear heat in Shao yang stage Cool blood and stop bleeding |
| Huang lian | Dysentery due to damp-heat | clear heat-stomach fire Drain fire and detoxify strongly |
| Huang bai | Profuse vaginal discharge and heat strangury(Lin) due to damp-heat Jaundice due to damp-heat | Drain fire and detoxify Abate heat and eliminate steaming bone fever |
| Long dan | Genital swelling and pudendal itch, profuse vaginal discharge Eczema | Clear excessive fire from the liver and gallbladder |
| Ku shen | profuse vaginal discharge Genital swelling,eczema,scab(jie),and lichen(xian) | Kill parasites and worms, stop itching |
| Qin pi | Dysentery due to damp-heat | Clear the liver and improve the acuity of vision |
Heat -Clearing and Detoxifying Herb（清热解毒药）
Characteristics:
1. Clear heat toxins and fire toxins.
2. Used for various kinds of heat toxin syndromes, such as swelling abscess, clove sore, sore, erysipelas, macular eruption due to scourge toxin, mumps, sore swollen throat, dysentery, insect or snake bites.
3.It should not be intaken for a long time because of cold
Heat-clearing and detoxifying herb（清热解毒药）
| name | Characteristics of Heat toxin syndrome | others |
| Jin yin hua | abscess, boils and sores Wind-heat exterior syndrome | Cool blood and stop dysentery |
| Lian qiao | abscess,boils and sores Wind-heat exterior syndrome | Dissipate bind |
| Zi hua di ding | abscess,boils and sores | |
| Pu gong ying | Effective for mammary abscess | Disinhibit dampness and free strangury(lin) |
| Yu xing cao | Effective for lung abscess | Clear lung heat, promote urination and free strangury(lin) |
| Hong teng | Effective for intestinal abscess | |
| Bai jiang cao | An intestinal abscess(both development of pus and in-development of pus) | Eliminate stasis, stop pain, and detoxify |
| Da qing ye | Heat toxin macules in warm-heat diseaseMumps and swollen throat | |
| Ban lan gen | mumps,heat toxin sores and abscess Sore throat | |
| Qing dai | heat toxin maculesLiver heat fright wind | |
| Ma chi xian | Red dysentery with pus and blood | cool blood and stop blood |
| Bai tou weng | Heat toxin bloody dysentery | |
| Ya dan zi | Effective for intermittent dysentery | interrupt malaria Consume wart |
| She(ye) gan | Sore throat due to exuberant phlegm-heat | |
| Shan dou gen | Sore throat due to accumulated heat toxin | |
| Ma bo | Sore throat due to wind-heat and lung fire |
Heat -Clearing and Blood-cooling Herb（清热凉血药）
Characteristics:
- Enter the blood level to clear heat evils from the nutritive level and blood level.
2. Chiefly used for heat invading nutritive and blood levels in warm diseases, such as fever, dark purple tongue, macular eruption, blood ejection, spontaneous external bleeding, or bleeding due to blood heat in miscellaneous diseases.
Heat-clearing and blood-cooling herb（清热凉血药）
| Name | Characteristics of blood heat syndrome | others |
| Sheng di huang | heat entering the nutritive level and blood-level Bleeding due to blood heat | Nourish yin and engender body fluid |
| Xuan shen | Warm evil entering the nutritive -level Warm evil entering the pericardium | detoxify and dissipate bind Enrich kidney yin and downbear ministerial fire |
| Mu dan pi | blooding due to heat entering the blood levelMenstrual block due to blood stagnation, knocks and falls | outthrust deep-lying heat in the yin aspect Eliminate swollen abscess |
| Chi shao | Bleeding due to heat entering the nutritive level and blood level | menstrual block,goiter Clear liver fire |
Deficiency-Heat-Clearing Herb（清虚热药）
Characteristics:
- The chief action is to clear deficiency heat without damaging Yin liquids.
2. It is good for treating deficiency heat.
Deficiency-heat-clearing herb（清虚热药）
| Name | Characteristics for deficiency heat | others |
| Qing hao | Yin-deficiency fever, streaming bone fever and tidal feverChild gan accumulation with fever | 1. Resolve summer-heat 2. Interrupt malaria |
| Di gu pi | Yin-deficiency fever,streaming bone fever, night sweats | cool blood Clear lung and downbear fire |
| Yin chai hu | Yin-deficiency fever, streaming bone fever, and tidal feverChild gan accumulation with fever | |
| Hu huang lian | yin-deficiency streaming fever and tidal feverChild gan accumulation with fever | Clear damp-heat |
Purgative Herbs（泻下药）
Definition: Herbs that can cause diarrhea or moisten intestines and unblock the bowel are known as purgative herbs. Functions and indications:
Purge and unblock bowel→Constipation and accumulation in the stomach and intestines.
Clear heat and purge fire→Internal exuberance of excessive heat.
Expel water and relieve edema→Edema and collecting rheum. Classification:
①Offensive purging herb.
②Moist purging herb.
③Drastic purging water – expelling herb.
Offensive Purging Herb（攻下药）
Characteristics:
- Most of the herbs have properties of bitterness, cold, and sinking and can enter the large intestine channel.
2. All the herbs have strong functions of purging and promoting bowel movement, as well as clearing heat and purging fire.
3. They are chiefly effective for constipation and accumulation of excessive heat.
Moist Purgative Herb（润下药）
Characteristics:
①Most herbs are seeds or kernels of plants, abounding in lipa.
②Chief action is to moisten the intestines.
③Used for constipation due to desiccation of liquid and intestine dryness (old age, postpartum, damage to liquids in febrile diseases, and blood loss).
Drastic Purging and Water-Expelling Herb（峻下逐水药）
Characteristics:
①Most herbs are bitter, cold and toxic to purge drastically. Intake of herbs can cause severe diarrhea and can make excessive water discharged along with stool. Part of herbs can promote urination.
②Effective in treating edema, drum distension(tympanites), and collecting rheum in the chest and rib side.
③Pregnant women should be contraindicated because of the drastic toxicity. Right, Qi should be secured for individuals with a deficiency of right Qi and preparation, dosage, and clinical application should be paid attention.
Offensive purging herb（攻下药）
| Name | Characteristics for accumulations and water-rheum | others |
| Da huang | constipation due to heat bindAbiding food | cool blood and stop bleedingClear heat and detoxifyInvigorate blood eliminate stasisClear damp-heat accumulation cool blood and stop bleedingClear heat and detoxifyInvigorate blood eliminate stasisClear damp-heat accumulation |
| Mang xiao | Constipation due to excessive heat and dryness bind | clear heat stop pain Used externally to eliminate swelling of abscess |
| Fan xie ye | Constipation due to heat bind | |
| Huo ma ren | Intestinal dryness constipation | Disinhibit water and eliminate swelling |
| Yu li ren | ||
| Gan sui | Used for edema and drum distention.Rheum stopping in the chest and rib side of the internal excess syndrome | Swelling and toxins of abscess and sores, phlegm node, scrofula |
| Da ji | ||
| Yuan hua | phlegm-rheum cough and asthmaHead sores and stubborn lichen(xian) | |
| Ba dou | 1. Constipation due to cold accumulation 2.ascites,drum distention | 1. cold excess chest bind and throat impediment 2. used externally to treat sores, abscess, scab(jie) and lichen(xian) |
Herbs that drain Dampness and Disinhibiting Water（利水渗湿药）
Definition: Herbs that chiefly can unblock the waterway and percolate dampness to treat collecting water-damp are known as water-disinhibiting and damp-percolating herbs.
Functions and indications:
①Disinhibit water and reduce edema→Edema and inhibited urination.
②Promote diuresis and free strangury(lín)→Strangury(lín)syndrome.
③Disinhibit dampness and eliminate jaundice→Jaundice, damp sore, diarrhea, profuse vaginal discharge, damp-warmth, damp impediment(Bi).
Classification:
① Water -disinhibiting and edema-eliminating herb.
②Diuresis- promoting and strangury(lín)- freeing herb
③Damp -disinhibiting and jaundice-eliminating herb.
Water-Disinhibiting and Edema -Eliminating Herb（利水退肿药）
Characteristic: Most of the herbs are sweet, bland and balanced, or slightly cold. Bland herbs can percolate and drain, especially disinhibit and drain water to increase the amount of urine and make urination uninhibited.
Water -Disinhibiting and Edema-Eliminating Herb（利水退肿药）
| Name | Characteristics for accumulations and water-rheum | others |
| Fu ling | Effective in both tonifying and Dis-inhibiting to treat all kinds of edema | Spleen deficiency Palpitation and insomnia |
| Yi yi ren | Both tonify and disinhibit to treat edema and inhibit urination | Heat strangury(lin) Damp impediment and heat impediment Lung abscess and intestinal abscess |
| Zhu ling | The action to percolate dampness is strong, disinhibit without tonifying to treat edema, and inhibit urination | 1.Diarrhea 2.strangury- turbidity |
| Ze xie | Effective in clearing damp heat in the lower heater | phlegm-rheum Diarrhea, strangury- turbidity and leukorrhea |
| Che qian zi | Clear heat, promote urination, and free strangury to treat strangury syndromes and edema | Summer-heat damp diarrhea |
| Hua shi | Clear heat, benefit lower orifices and free strangury to treat heat strangury and edema | 1. Summer-heat and damp-warm 2.Damp sores |
| Mu tong | Clear the fire of the heart and disinhibit damp heat in the bladder to treat heat strangury and edema | Amenorrhea and agalactosis Impediment pain due to damp-heat |
| Bi xie | Disinhibit dampness and separate the clear from the turbid to treat unctuous strangury | Impediment syndrome due to wind-dampness |
| Yin chen hao | Effective in clearing and disinhibiting damp heat in the liver and gallbladder to treat jaundice | |
| Jin qian cao | Clear and drain dam-heat in the liver and gallbladder, free strangury, and expel stones to treat jaundice, stone strangury, and heat strangury |
Diuresis – Promoting and Strangury- Freeing Herb（利水通淋药）
Characteristic: Most herbs are bitter and cold or sweet, bland, and cold. Bitterness can drain and downbear, cold can clear heat, and bland can percolate and drain, so they are effective in promoting diuresis and freeing strangury. Indications include heat strangury(lín),blood strangury (lín), stone strangury(lín)and unctuous strangury(lín).
Damp-Disinhibiting and Jaundice-Abating Herb（利湿退黄药）
Characteristic: Most herbs are cold and bitter and enter the liver and gallbladder channels. Bitterness can drain and cold can clear, so they are good for clearing and disinhibiting damp heat, disinhibiting the gallbladder, and abating jaundice. The clinical application is jaundice due to damp -heat.
Herbs that Dispel Wind-Dampness（祛风湿药）
Definition: Herbs that chiefly dispel wind, cold and damp evils, and relieve impediment(Bi) pain are known as wind-damp-dispelling herbs.
Functions and indications:
①Disperse wind-cold,eliminate dampness and stop pain→Impediment(Bi)pain caused by wind,cold and dampness.
②Dispel wind-damp and clear heat →Impediment( Bi) syndrome caused by wind, dampness and heat.
③Dispel wind-damp and strengthen tendon and bone→Liver-kidney deficiency due to prolonged impediment(Bi) syndrome or impediment(Bi) syndrome accompanied by liver-kidney deficiency.
Classification:
①Wind-damp-dispelling and cold-dissipating herb
②Wind-damp-dispelling and heat-clearing herb.
③Wind -damp-dispelling and tendon-bone-strengthening herb.
Wind-damp-dispelling herb（祛风湿药）
| Name | Characteristics for impediment(Bi) syndrome | others |
| Du huo | Effective for impediment(Bi) syndrome of the lower body | wind-cold exterior syndrome accompanied by dampness Shao yin Headache |
| Wei ling xian | Effective for moving impediment(Bi) syndrome | Bones stuck in the throat |
| Chuan wu | impediment(Bi) pain or cold pain | Decocted first because of severe toxin Knocks and falls |
| Qi she | Intensive impediment(Bi) and half-body paralysis | 1. tonic 2. acute or chronic fright of wind 3. tetanus |
| Mu gua | Wind-damp impediment(bi) pain, hypertonicity of tendons and vessels | 1. Vomiting, diarrhea, and cramps 2.disperse food |
| Fang ji | Wind-damp impediment(bi) pain accompanied by heat syndromes | Disinhibit water |
| Qin jiao | Heat-damp impediment(bi) accompanied by hypertonicity of tendons and vessels | Damp-heat jaundice, tidal fever |
| Sang zhi | Heat-damp impediment(bi) hypertonicity of upper limbs | Disinhibit water |
| Xi xian cao | Heat impediment(bi),hypertonicity | Clear heat and detoxify |
| Wu jia pi | Disinhibit water | |
| Sang ji sheng | Wind-damp impediment(bi) pain, limp aching lumbus, and knees |
Wind-Damp-Dispelling and Cold-Dissipating Herb（祛风湿寒药）
Characteristics: The herbs are acrid, bitter, and warm to dispel wind-damp, disperse cold and stop the pain, soothe tendon and open collateral, and are appropriate for impediment(Bi)pain caused by wind, cold, and dampness.
Wind -Damp- Dispelling and Heat-Clearing Herb（祛风湿热药）
Characteristics: Most herbs are acrid, bitter, and cold to dispel wind-damp, clear heat, open collaterals, and stop the pain, appropriate for wind-damp-heat impediment Bi), redness, swelling, heat sensation, and pain of joints.
Wind – Damp-Dispelling and Tendon -Bone-Strengthening Herb（祛风湿壮筋骨药）
Characteristics: Most herbs are bitter, sweet, and warm. Enter the liver and kidney channels to dispel wind-damp,tonify the liver and kidney, and strengthen tendons and bones, appropriate for prolonged impediment(Bi)involving liver and kidney or impediment(Bi) accompanied by liver-kidney deficiency.
Herbs that Transform Phlegm and Stop Coughing（化痰止咳药）
Definition:
Herbs that can eliminate phlegm-drool to treat syndromes caused by phlegm are called phlegm-transforming herbs, and herbs that can suppress or relieve cough and asthma are called cough-suppressing and asthma-calming herbs.
Functions and indications:
①Transform phlegm→Cough and asthma with profuse phlegm, withdrawal, epilepsy, fright reversal numbness of limbs,hemilateral paralysis, deviated mouth and eyes, goiter, and scrofula.
②Stop cough and relieves wheezing→Cough and asthma.
Classification:
①Phlegm -transforming herb.
②Cough – stopping and asthma-calming herb.
Phlegm-transforming and cough-stopping herb（化痰止咳药）
Definition:
Phlegm-transforming and cough-stopping herb（化痰止咳药）
Herbs that can eliminate phlegm-drool to treat syndromes caused by phlegm are called phlegm-transforming herbs, herbs that can suppress or relieve cough and asthma are called cough-suppressing and asthma-calming herbs.
Functions and indications:
①Transform phlegm→Cough and asthma with profuse phlegm, withdrawal, epilepsy, fright reversal numbness of limbs,hemilateral paralysis, deviated mouth and eyes, goiter, and scrofula.
②Stop cough and relieves wheezing→Cough and asthma.
Classification:
①Phlegm -transforming herb.
②Cough – stopping and asthma-calming herb.
Phlegm-transforming and cough-stopping herb（化痰止咳药）
| Name | Characteristics for phlegm asthma | others |
| Ban xia | Damp phlegm and cold phlegm | Downbear counterflow and stop vomiting Eliminate glomus and dissipate nodules |
| Tian nan xing | Damp phlegm and cold phlegm Stubborn phlegm | Dispel wind and stop spasms |
| Xuan fu hua | Cough with profuse phlegm | 1. Downbear stomach qi and stop vomiting |
| Jie geng | Cough with profuse phlegm due to nondiffusion of lung qi | benefit the throat Expel pus |
| Chuan bei mu | cough due to phlegm-heat Yin deficiency dry cough | Clear heat and dissipate nodules |
| Zhe bei mu | Wind-heat cough | Scrofula, toxins of abscess and sores |
| Gua lou | 1.chest impediment(Bi) and chest bind with phlegm-heat cough | 1. Lung abscess and mammary abscess2.intestinal dryness constipation |
| Bai fu zi | 1. Deviated mouth and eyes in wind stroke 2.syndrome of the head and face due to wind-phlegm | Scrofula, phlegm node, snake bites |
| Bai jie zi | Cough, asthma due to cold phlegm, and suspended rheum | Disinhibit dampness and quicken the collaterals |
| Zhu ru | Phlegm-heat cough, restlessness and insomnia | Clear stomach heat and stop vomiting |
| Xing ren | Cough and asthma | Moisten intestines and unblock bowel |
| Sang bai pi | Cough and asthma due to lung heat | Disinhibit water and reduce edema |
| Ting li zi | Cough and asthma due to phlegm-drool congestion | Disinhibit water and reduce edema strongly |
| Su zi | Cough and asthma due to phlegm congestion and Qi counter-flow | Moisten intestines and unblock bowel |
| Bai bu | Cough due to lung taxation, pertussis | Used to kill lice, parasites and worms in raw |
| Zi yuan | Cough with phlegm | |
| Ma dou ling | Cough and asthma due to lung heat | |
| Pi pa ye | Cough and asthma due to lung heat | Clear stomach heat and stop vomiting |
| Kuan dong hua | cough | |
| Bai guo | Asthma and cough with phlegm | Astringe and stop seminal emission |
Phlegm-Transforming Herb（化痰药）
Characteristics:
①Herbs that are warm and dry can warn and transform cold phlegm, warm the lung, and transform phlegm, dry dampness and transform phlegm, used for syndromes due to o cold phlegm, damp phlegm.
②Herbs that are cold or cool can clear heat and transform phlegm, used for syndromes due to heat phlegm.
Cough-Stopping and Asthma – Calming Herb（止咳平喘药）
Characteristics: Herbs have functions of stopping cough and calming asthma, used for cough and asthma due to various reasons.
Aromatic Herbs that Transform Dampness（芳香化湿药）
Definition: Herbs that are fragrant, warm, and slightly dry and can transform dampness and move the spleen are known as damp-transforming herbs.
Functions and indications:
Transform dampness and arouse the spleen, dry dampness and strengthen the spleen→Fullness and glomus in the stomach duct and abdomen, vomiting, sour regurgitation, diarrhea, low food intake, white and greasy tongue fur due to dampness obstructing the middle heater
Dampness-transforming herb（祛湿药）
| Name | Characteristics for dampness obstructing the center | others |
| Cang zhu | Dampness obstructing the middle heater | wind-damp impediment(bi) syndromeExterior syndrome due to exogenous wind-cold attack accompanied by dampness |
| Hou po | Dampness obstructing the middle heater causing distension and fullness | 1. Stomach-intestine accumulation2.cough and asthma with profuse phlegm |
| Sha ren | Dampness obstructing the middle heater and spleen-stomach Qi stagnation | spleen-stomach deficiency coldCalm fetus |
| Huo xiang | Dampness obstructing the middle heater | summer-heat damp syndrome and the onset of damp-warm disease stop vomiting |
| Bai dou kou | Dampness obstructing the middle heater and spleen-lung Qi stagnation | Stop diarrhea |
Herbs that relieve food stagnation（消食药）
Definition: Herbs that can chiefly disperse accumulations and abduct stagnation,promote digestion to treat food accumulations are known as food-dispersing herb, also known as an abductive dispersing herbs.
Functions and indications:
①Digest food accumulations →Non -transformation of accumulated food.
②Open the stomach and harmonize the center →Indigestion due to spleen-stomach deficiency.
| Name | Characteristics for food accumulation | others |
| Shan zha | Accumulation of meat and food | Invigorate blood and dispel stasis |
| Ji nei jin | various food accumulation gan accumulation | Retain essence and restrain urine |
| Shen qu | Food and wine accumulation | |
| Mai ya | Food of rice,flour, etc accumulation | Terminate lactation |
| Lai fu zi | Disperse wheat-type food accumulation | Percipite qi and eliminate phlegm |
Herbs that Regulate the Qi（理气药）
Definition: Herbs that chiefly can course and regulate Qi dynamic to treat Qi stagnation or Qi counterflow are known as Qi-regulating herbs, also called Qi-moving herbs.
Functions and indications:
①Regulate Qi and strengthen the spleen→Spleen-stomach Qi stagnation.
② Soothe the liver and relieve depression→Liver Qi stagnation.
③ Regulate Qi and loosen the chest→Lung Qi congestion.
④Move Qi and stop pain→Pain due to Qi stagnation.
⑤ Break Qi and dissipate nodules→Concretions,conglomerations, accumulations and gatherings
Qi- Regulating herb（理气药）
| Name | Characteristics for qi stagnation | others |
| Ju pi | distending pain in the stomach duct and abdomen due to spleen-stomach Qi stagnation Distension and fullness due to dampness obstructing the middle heater | Dry dampness and transform phlegm |
| Zhi shi | Detention and fullness in the stomach duct and abdomen, diarrhea, and abdomen pain due to food accumulation | disperse accumulationEliminate glomus and fullness |
| Mu xiang | Generalized Qi stagnation, especially intestine-stomach Qi stagnation | |
| Xiang fu | Irregular menstruation due to liver depression and qi stagnation | Regulate menstruation and stop pain |
| Qing pi | Abdominal pain due to liver Qi stagnation and hernia | Abdominal pain due to food accumulation |
| Chen xiang | distending pain in the chest and abdomen, cold pain in the stomach duct and abdomen Vomiting due to stomach cold | Promote qi absorbtion to relieve wheezing |
| Chuan lian zi | Pain due to liver depression transforming fire | Kill parasites and worms to treat urine |
| Xie bai | Chest impediment(Bi) | Disperse accumulation and move qi |
Herbs that Stop Bleeding（止血药）
Definition: Herbs that can stop internal or external bleeding are called bleeding-stopping herbs Functions and indications:
①Cool blood and stop bleeding→Bleeding due to frenetic movement of hot blood
② Transform stasis and stop bleeding→Bleeding due to blood stasis causing blood to fail to stay in the channels.
③ Astringe and stop bleeding→Bleeding without blood stasis or excessive evils.
④ Warm the channels and stop bleeding>Bleeding of deficiency cold type due to the spleen failing to control the blood and insecurity of the thoroughfare and controlling vessels.
Classification:
①Blood -cooling and bleeding-stopping herb.
② Stasis-transforming and bleeding-stopping herb.
③ Astringing and bleeding-stopping herb.
④ Channel – warming and bleeding- stopping herb.
Bleeding-stopping herb（止血药）
| Name | Characteristics for bleeding | others |
| Bai mao gen | Bleeding due to blood heat and bloody | |
| Da ji | Bleeding due to blood heat | Detoxify and eliminate abscess |
| Xiao ji | 1. Bleeding due to blood heat 2.Bloody urine | Detoxify and eliminate abscessMilder than da ji |
| Di yu | Bleeding of the lower heater due to blood heat | Detoxify and promote healing |
| Huai hua | bleeding due to blood heat Hemorrhoidal bleeding | Clear liver fire |
| Ce bai ye | Bleeding due to blood heat | Transform phlegm and stop the pain |
| San qi | Internal and external bleeding | Invigorate blood and stop the pain |
| Qian cao | bleeding due to blood heat accompanied by stasis Blood stasis menstrual block | Wind-damp impediment(bi) syndrome |
| Pu huang | Bleeding | Transform stasis and stop the pain |
| Bai ji | Internal and external bleeding | Eliminate swelling and engender flesh |
| Xian he cao | bleeding | Stop dysenteryKill parasites and worms |
| Ai ye | deficiency cold bleeding Cold intruding uterine | Irregular menstruation and menstrual pain |
| Zao xin tu | Spleen qi deficiency cold failing to contain blood stool, uterine bleeding | Stop diarrhea |
Blood -Cooling and Bleeding-Stopping Herb（凉血止血药）
Characteristics:
①Cold and cool in the property and enter blood – level.
②Clear heat in blood -level to stop bleeding.
③Indications include bleeding due to frenetic movement of hot blood.
Stasis -Transforming and Bleeding-Stopping Herb（活血止血药）
Characteristics:
Not only can stop bleeding, but also transform stasis.
Used for bleeding due to internal blood stasis obstructing causing blood to fail to stay in the channels.
Commonly used for knocks and falls, menstrual block, and pain in the chest and abdomen due to blood stasis.
Astringing and Bleeding-Stopping Herb（收敛止血药）
Characteristics:
Most herbs, astringent in flavor, charcoal, or sticky, have different degrees of astriction to astringe and stop bleeding.
Most herbs are bland in nature, or cool but not cold, so bleeding of deficiency cold or bleeding of heat type can be treated with them.
Used with care in individuals with blood stasis or excessive evils.
Channel -Warming and Bleeding-Stopping Herb（温经止血药）
Characteristics:
Most herbs, which are war and hot in property, can warm internal organs, nourish the spleen Yang, secure the thoroughfare vessel to govern blood.
Used for deficiency cold bleeding due to the spleen failing to control the blood and insecurity of the thoroughfare and controlling vessels.
Herbs that Activate Blood and Transform Stasis（活血化瘀药）
Definition: Herbs that can chiefly free blood vessels and eliminate blood stasis are called blood-activating and stasis-transforming herbs, also called blood-activating and stasis-dispelling herbs.
Functions and indications:
① Invigorate blood and stop pain → Pain caused by blood stasis.
② Invigorate blood and regulate menstruation →Irregular menstruation, menstrual block, and menstrual pain in women caused by blood stasis, postpartum abdominal pain due to stasis.
③ Invigorate blood and treat injury→Pain from knocks and falls.
④Invigorate blood and eliminate abscess→Swelling and pain of sores and abscess
⑤Break blood and disperse concretion→Menstrual block, concretions, conglomerations, accumulations, and gatherings.
Classification:
① Blood -activating and pain-stopping herb.
② Blood – activating and menstruation-regulating herb.
③Blood- activating and injury-treating herb.
④ Blood – breaking and concretion-dispersing herb.
Blood-activating and Stasis-Transforming Herbs（活血化瘀药）
| Name | Characteristics for blood stasis syndrome | others |
| Chuan xiong | A syndrome due to blood stasis syndrome | dispel wind and stop pain-free impediment(bi) and stop pain |
| Yan hu suo | Pain and Qi stagnation and blood stasis | |
| Yu jin | Pain in the chest and rib-side or abdomen pain due to Qi stagnation and blood stasis | clear heart and open the orificesDisinhibit dampness and abate jaundice cool blood and stop bleeding |
| Ru xiang | knocks and falls, swelling of sores and abscess Pain in the heart and abdomen caused by blood stasis and wind-damp impediment(Bi) pain | |
| Mo yao | knocks and falls, swelling and pain of sores and abscess Pain in the heart and abdomen caused by blood stasis and wind-damp impediment(Bi) pain | |
| Wu ling zhi | pain due to blood stasis | Transform stasis and stop bleeding |
| Dan shen | menstrual block and menstrual pain due to blood stagnation concretions, conglomerations, accumulations, gatherings, knocks, and falls | nourish blood and calm the spriteCool blood and eliminate abscess stasis |
| Hong hua | menstrual block and menstrual pain due to blood stagnation concretions, conglomerations, accumulations, gatherings, knocks, and falls | |
| Yi mu cao | Menstrual block and menstrual pain, persistent flow of lochia due to blood stagnation | Promote urination and elimination of swelling |
| Niu xi | the syndrome caused by blood stasis knocks and falls | 1. Tonify the liver and kidney, strengthen tendons and bones2.guide blood(fire) downward,promote urination and free strangury(lin) |
| Tao ren | menstrual block, menstrual pain, and abdominal pain due to blood stasis Concretions, conglomerations,accumulations, and gatherings, knocks, and falls | moisten intestine and unblock bowelLung abscess and intestinal abscess |
| Ji xue teng | Gynecological diseases due to blood stasis or blood deficiency | Sooth the tendons and quicken the collaterals |
| Zhe chong | 1. knocks and falls, bone fracture, and stasis pain 2.Menstrual block, concretions, accumulations due to blood stasis | |
| Gu sui bu | Knocks and falls bone fracture | Warm and tonify kidney yang,tonify deficiency |
| Xue jie | knocks and falls, pain in the heart and abdomen due to blood stasisBleeding due to external injury, and non-closure of sores | |
| E zhu | Concretions, conglomerations, accumulations and gatherings, Menstrual block due to blood stasis | |
| Meng chong | Concretions, conglomerations, accumulations and gatherings, Menstrual block due to blood stasis |
Blood – Activating and Pain -Stopping Herb（活血止痛药）
Characteristics:
①Most herbs are acrid to move.
②Most herbs can invigorate blood and move Qi, with a good effect of stopping pain.
③Used for pain due to blood stagnation or Qi stagnation and blood stasis, for example, headache, pain in the chest and rib-side, pain in the heart and abdominal, menstrual pain, postpartum abdominal pain, pain caused by knocks and falls
Blood-Activating and Menstruation -Regulating Herb（活血调经药）
Characteristics:
①Not only invigorate blood and eliminates stasis, but also frees blood vessels to regulate menstruation.
②Used for irregular menstruation, menstrual pain, and postpartum abdominal pain caused by blood stasis in women.
Blood -Activating and Injury-Treating Herb（活血疗伤药）
Characteristics:
①Being good to invigorate blood and transform stasis, eliminate swelling and stop pain, prolong tendons and join bones, stop bleeding, engender flesh, and promote healing.
②Used for knocks and falls, stasis pain, bone fracture, damage to tendons, incised wounds, and bleeding
Blood – Breaking and Concretion-Dispersing Herb（破血消癥药）
Characteristics:
①Most herbs are drastic in nature and can break blood and expel stasis to disperse accumulations.
②Indications include concretions, conglomerations, accumulations, and gatherings due to severe blood stasis.
Herbs that Warm the Interior（温里药）
Definition: Herbs that chiefly can warm the interior and dispel cold to treat interior cold syndrome are called interior-warming herbs,also known as cold-dispelling herbs.
Functions and indications:
①Warm the interior and disperse cold→Interior cold syndrome(attack of cold to spleen and stomach, spleen-stomach deficiency cold; lung cold with cold rheum syndrome; lesser-abdominal pain,cold malaria with pain or Jue Yin headache due to attack of cold to the liver channel).
②Reinforce Yang→Insufficiency of kidney Yang and heart-kidney Yang deficiency.
③Return Yang→Reverse flow due to Yang collapse.
Interior-warming Herb（温里药）
| Name | Characteristics | others |
| Fu zi | Reinforce heart Yang, warm spleen Yang,tonify kidney Yang,tonify Yang of the lower heart drastically, return Yang, and stem counterflow | Dissipate cold and eliminate dampness, warm the channels, and stop the pain |
| Gan jiang | Warm the corner and disperse cold, being the essential herb to treat deficiency cold in the middle heater | Warm Yang and unblock the vessels, warm the lung and transform the rheum |
| Rou gui | It is good for supplementing the life gate fire, being the essential herb to treat deficiency of the lower origin | Dissipate cold evil from the liver channel, dissipate cold and free blood vessels |
| Wu zhu yu | Warm the stomach, liver, and kidney, good for down bearing counterflow and stopping vomiting | |
| Xiao hui xiang | It is good to disperse cold evil in the Jue yin channel and warm the liver and kidney | |
| Gao liang jiang | It is good to dissipate cold and stop pain, being the commonly used herb to treat cold pain in the stomach and abdomen due to stomach colds. |
Tonifying Herbs（补虚药）
Definition: Herbs that can tonify Qi, blood,Yin, and Yang to treat various deficiency syndromes are called deficiency -tonifying herbs,also called tonifying and nourishing herbs or tonifying herbs.
Functions and indications:
① Tonify Qi→ Qi deficiency syndrome.
② Tonify Yang→Yang deficiency syndrome
③ Tonify blood→Blood deficiency syndrome
④ Tonify Yin→Yin deficiency syndrome.
Classification:
- Qi-tonifying herb.
- Yang-tonifying herb.
- Blood-tonifying herb.
- Yin -tonifying herb.
Qi–Tonifying Herb（补气药）
Characteristics: Herbs are sweet, warm and neutral to tonify visceral Qi, especially effective for spleen-lung Qi deficiency syndrome.
Qi-tonifying herb（补气药）
| Name | Characteristics for treating syndrome of Qi deficiency | others |
| Ren shen | Qi deficiency verging on desertion Deficiency syndrome of the spleen and the Lung | Boost Qi and engender body fluid to stop thirst. Calm the spirit and improve the intellengence. |
| Huang Qi | Deficiency syndrome of the spleen-stomach and middle-Qi failing syndrome Deficiency syndrome of the lung and spontaneous swelling due to deficiency of the defective Qi | Tonify Qi to promote urinationTonify Qi to draw sores and engender fleshTonify Qi to improve the fluid of bloodTonify Qi to regulate the bloodTonify Qi to engender body fluid |
| Bai zhu | Spleen Qi deficiency syndrome Phlegm-rheum, edema due to spleen deficiency | Tonify Qi and secure the exterior to check sweatingTonify Qi to calm the fetus |
| Gan cao | Spleen Qi deficiency syndrome Palpitation, bound and regularly interrupted pulse due to heart qi deficiency | nourish the Lung to stop coughDetoxify tension and stop painHarmonize herbal properties |
| Dang shen | Spleen Qi deficiency Lung Qi deficiency | Tonify Qi to engender body fluidBoost Qi to nourish blood |
| Shan yao | Spleen-Kidney deficiency syndrome Asthma and cough due to lung deficiency or dual deficiency of the lung and kidney Seminal emission,euresis due to kidney deficiency failing to secure | Tonify Qi to engender body fluid |
| Da zao | Lung Qi deficiency syndrome | Nourish blood and calm the spirit Moderate drastic herbal propertise |
Yang- Tonifying Herb（补阳药）
Characteristics: Most herbs are sweet and warm or salty and warm to warm and tonify Yang Qi, treating Yang
deficiency syndrome, especially tonifying kidney Yang.
Yang-Tonifying herb（补阳药）
| Name | Characteristics for treating syndrome of Yang deficiency | others |
| Lu rong | Kidney yang Deficiency syndrome Weakness of tendons and bones due to the deficiency of essence-blood | Warm and tonify the congenital QI to secure the chong and Ren meridian |
| Du zhong | Limp wilting lumbus and knees due to insufficiency of the liver and kidney | Tonify the liver and kidney to calm the fetus |
| Xu duan | Limp wilting lumbus and knees due to insufficiency of the liver and kidney | Tonify the liver and kidney to calm the fetusStrengthen tendons and bones |
| Ba ji tian | Kidney yang deficiencyLimp wilting tendons and bones due to liver and kidney insufficiency | Dispel wind-damp |
| Yin yang huo | Kidney yang deficiencyLimp wilting tendons and bones due to liver and kidney insufficiency | Dispel wind-damp |
| Bu gu zhi | Kidney yang deficiency Deficiency asthma due to kidney failing to promote Qi absorption. | Warm the spleen to stop the diarrhea |
| Yi zhi ren | Seminal emission, seminal efflux, frequent urination, and enuresis due to kidney Yang deficiency | Warm the spleen to stop diarrhea and contain spittle |
| Tu si zi | warm the spleen to stop diarrhea Tonify the liver and kidney to calm the fetus | |
| Ge jie | Deficiency asthma due to dual deficiency of the lung and kidney. | Tonify essence and blood to treat impotence |
| Dong chong xia cao | Syndrome due to kidney deficiency Enduring cough with bloody phlegm due to dual deficiency of the lung kidney |
Blood- Tonifying Herb（补血药）
Characteristics: Herbs are sweet and warm or sweet and neutral, and moist to tonify the liver nourish the heart, and tonify the spleen, used for heart-liver deficiency syndrome.
Blood-Tonifying herb（补血药）
| Name | Characteristics for treating syndrome of Blood deficiency | others |
| Dang gui | Syndrome due to blood deficiency Gynecopathy due to blood deficiency or blood stasis | Invigorate blood to stop the pain Invigorate blood to eliminate swelling Nourish blood to moisten intestines |
| Shu di huang | Syndrome due to blood deficiency Insufficiency of kidney yin | Tonify the liver-kidney to boost essence and replenish the marrow |
| Bai shao | Gynecopathy due to blood deficiency Pain due to blood deficiency or constrained liver Qi | subdue the liver Yang Check sweating |
| He shou wu | Syndrome due to blood deficiency Premature graying due to deficiency of essence and blood | interrupt malaria Moisten intestines |
| E jiao | Syndrome due to blood deficiency Dry cough due to Yin deficiency | Stop bleeding |
Yin- Tonifying Herb（补阴药）
Characteristics: Most herbs are cold, sweet, and moist to tonify Yin, enrich liquid, moisten dryness to treat syndromes caused by Yin deficiency and depletion of body liquid.
Yin-tonifying herb（补阴药）
| Name | Characteristics for treating syndrome of Yin deficiency | others |
| Sha shen | cough due to lung Yin deficiency or Lung heat. Thirst and dry throat due to stomach Yin deficiency | |
| Mai men dong | Lung Yin deficiency or Lung dryness and Lung heat Syndrome due to stomach Yin deficiency | Clear heat and relieve irritability Syndrome due to Yin deficiency |
| Gui ban | Yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity syndrome Bone-tendon wilting due to kidney deficiency Palpitation and insomnia due to heart deficiency | Calm the yangStrengthen the bonesSecure the menses and stop bleeding |
| Bie jia | Yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity syndrome | subdue YangSoften hardening and dissipate nodules. |
| Bai he | Lung Yin deficiency or dry heat in the lung Deficiency vaxation, palpitation at the late stage of febrile disease | Clear the heart and calm the spirit |
| Tian men dong | Lung yin deficiency syndrome Tidal fever and night sweating due to kidney Yin deficiency. | clear fire due to Yin deficiencyEngender body fluid |
| Shi hu | Syndrome due to stomach Yin deficiency | Clear heatEngender body fluid |
| Yu zhu | Lung yin deficiency and lung dryness Insufficiency of the stomach Yin syndrome | Effective in engendering body fluid and moistening dryness |
| Gou qi zi | Dim vision due to liver-kidney Yin deficiency |
Herbs that Astringe（收涩药）
Definition: Herbs that can astringe are called astringing herbs, also called retaining and astringing herbs Functions and indications:
- Secure the exterior and check sweating→Spontaneous sweating and night sweating
② Astringe the lung and stop cough →Enduring cough and deficiency asthma.
③Bind up the intestine and stop diarrhea→Enduring diarrhea and enduring dysentery.
④ Retain essence and restrain urine→Seminal emission, seminal efflux, and enuresis.
⑤ Stop bleeding and check vaginal discharge→Uterine bleeding,profuse vaginal discharge.
Classification:
① Exterior-retaining and sweating- checking herb
② Lung- astringing and intestine- astringing herb
③ Essence-retaining,urine-reducing and vaginal discharge-checking herb
Astringing Herb（收涩药）
| Name | Characteristics for efflux syndrome | others |
| Ma huang gen | Spontaneous sweating and night sweating | |
| Wu wei zi | Deficiency vaxation and enduring cough, cough, and asthma due to deficiency of the lung kidney | engender body fluidCalm the spirit |
| Wu mei | Lung deficiency causing enduring cough. Enduring diarrhea and enduring dysentery | Quiet the roundwormsEngender body fluid |
| Ying su qiao | Enduring diarrhea or enduring dysentery Enduring cough due to lung deficiency | Stop pain |
| He zi | Enduring diarrhea and enduring dysentery Enduring cough and loss of voice | |
| Rou dou kou | Enduring diarrhea | Warm the center and stop pain |
| Shan zhu yu | Limp aching lumbus and knees due to the insufficiency of the liver and kidney Seminal emission, enuresis and uterine bleeding | |
| Sang piao xiao | Seminal emission and enuresis due to kidney deficiency | |
| Hai piao xiao | Seminal emission and profuse vaginal discharge bleeding | control sour withdraw dampness and promote healing |
| Jin ying zi | Seminal emission, Seminal effluxEnuresis and profuse vaginal discharge Enduring diarrhea and enduring dysentery | |
| Lian zi | Kidney deficiency causing seminal emission, enuresis and profuse vaginal discharge Spleen deficiency causing enduring diarrhea | |
| Qian shi | Seminal emission, Seminal efflux and vaginal discharge due to kidney deficiency Spleen deficiency causing enduring diarrhea |
Exterior -Retaining and Sweating-Checking Herb（固表止汗药）
Characteristics:This kind of herbs have functions of retaining exterior and checking sweat used for spontaneous sweating and night sweating.
Lung -Astringing, Intestine Astringing and Diarrhea-Stopping Herb（敛肺涩肠药）
Characteristics: This kind of herbs, sour in flavor，have functions of astringing the lung and stopping cough, astringing intestines and stopping diarrhea or dysentery, used for intestine deficiency causing enduring diarrhea and enduring dysentery.
Essence-Retaining,Urine-Reducing and Vaginal Discharge-Checking Herb（固精缩尿止带药）
Characteristics: This kind of herbs are sour in flavor to astringe and can enter the kidney and urinary bladder channels. They have the functions of retaining essence, reducing urine and checking vaginal discharge. Some herbs also have action of tonifying the kidney, used for insecurity of the kidney causing seminal emission, seminal efflux, enuresis, frequent urination and profuse vaginal discharge.
Herbs that Calm the Spirit（安神药）
Definition: Herbs that can calm the spirit and stabilize the mind are called spirit-calming herbs. Functions and indications:
①Calm the spirit with heavy settlers→Fright palpitation, insomnia, forgetfulness(poor memory), dream- disturbed dream, fright wind, withdrawal and epilepsy, mania.
② Nourish the heart and calm spirit→Deficiency restlessness and insomnia, palpitation and fearful throbbing Classification:
①Heavy settling spirit-calming herb.
- Heart-nourishing and spirit-calming herb.
Spirit-calming herb（安神药）
| Name | Characteristics for insomnia | others |
| Zhu sha | palpitation and insomnia due to exuberant heart fire Fright wind, withdraw and epilepsy | Clear heat detoxity |
| Long gu | Palpitation, insomnia, fright epilepsy, withdraw and mania | Calm the liver and subdue yang |
| Hu po | Palpitation, insomnia, fright wind, withdraw epilepsy | syndrome caused by blood stasisStrangury(lin) syndrome,dribbling urinary block |
| Suan zao ren | Palpitation, insomnia | Astringe sweating |
| Bai zi ren | Palpitation, insomnia | Moisten intestine and unblock bowel |
| Yuan zhi | Fright palpitation, insomnia, forgetfulness(poor memory), withdrawal, epilepsy and mania due to phlegm obstructing the heart orifices | Expel phlegm and stop coughClear heat and detoxify |
| Ye jiao teng | Deficiency restlessness and dream-disturbed sleep | Unblock the collaterals and stop pain |
Heavy Settling Spirit-Calming Herb（重镇安神药）
Characteristics:
①Most herbs are heavy and down sinking.
②Calm the spirit and stabilize fright with heavy settlers, used for palpitation, insomnia, fright epilepsy, withdrawal and mania due to exuberant heart fire or phlegm fire harassing the heart.
③Part of the herbs can calm the liver and subdue Tang, used for dizziness and vertigo due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver Yang.
Heart-Nourishing and Spirit-Calming Herb（养心安神丸）
Characteristics: Herbs are sweet, moist to enrich and nourish, have functions of enriching and nourishing the heart and liver, nourishing Yin and tonifying blood, promoting interaction of the heart and kidney.Used for palpitation, fearful throbbing, deficiency restlessness, insomnia, forgetfulness(poor memory) and dream-disturbed sleep due to insufficiency of Yin blood, dual deficiency of the e heart and spleen,non-interaction of the heart and kidney.
Aromatic Herbs that Open the Orifices（开窍药）
Definition: Herbs that are acrid, fragrant, mobile an id penetrating to open the orifices and arouse the spirit are called orifice-opening herbs, used for block syndrome and clouded spirit.
Functions and indications:
Free the gate and open the orifices, break the block and arouse the spirit, used for clouded spirit, derilious speech due to heat falling into the pericardium, phlegm – turbidity clouding the clear orifices in warm-heat disease, or sudden clouding reversal caused by fright wind, withdrawal and epilepsy, and wind stroke.
Orifice-opening herb（开窍药）
| Name | Characteristics for closed spirit | others |
| She xiang | Clouded spirit and orifice block | Clear heat and detoxifyInvigorate blood and free menstruationAbduct delivery |
| Bing pian | Heat closed syndrome and clouded spirit | Clear heat and stop pain |
| Shi chang pu | Confused mind due to phlegm clouding the clear orifices | |
| Su he xiang | Cold closed syndrome and clouded spirit |
Herbs that Calm Liver and Extinguish Wind（平肝熄风药）
Definition: Herbs that can calm the liver and subdue Yang, extinguish wind and stop spasms to treat ascendant hyperactivity of liver Yang or liver wind stirring internally are called liver-calming and wind-extinguishing herbs.
Functions and indications:
- Calm the liver and subdue Yang→Dizziness and vertigo due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver Yang.
- Extinguish wind and stop spasms→Fright epilepsy and convulsion due to liver wind stirring internally.
Classification:
① Liver-calming and Yang-subduing herb.
② Wind – extinguishing and tetany – checking herb.
Liver-calming and wind-extinguishing herb（平肝熄风药）
| Name | Characteristics for ascendent hyperactivity of yang and wind stirring internally | others |
| Shi jue ming | Ascendant hyperactivity of Liver yang, dizzy head and vision | Clear liver and improve the acuity of vision |
| Mu li | Ascendant hyperactivity of Liver yang, dizzy head and vision | Soften hardness and dissipate bind Astringe and secure |
| Dai zhe shi | Ascendant hyperactivity of Liver yang, dizzy head and vision | Downbear stomach Qi and stop vomiting counterflow Stop bleeding |
| Ling yang jiao | Fright epilepsy and convulsion due to liver wind stirring internally Ascendant hyperactivity of Liver yang, dizzy head and vision | clear heat and detoxify Clear liver and improve the acuity of vision Clear lung and stop cough |
| Niu huang | Vigorous fever and clouded spirit, spasm and convulsion | sweep phlegm and open the orificesClear liver and improve the acuity of vision |
| Gou teng | Fight epilepsy and convulsion, dizziness and headache due to liver wind stirring internally | |
| Tian ma | Epilepsy, convulsion due to the liver wind stirring internallyDissiness and headache | Dispel wind-damp to relieve impediment(Bi) pain |
| Di long | High fever and tetanic reversal, withdrawal and mania | unblock the coolateralsRelieve wheezingPromote diuresis |
| Quan xie | Severe spasm and convulsion | detoxify and dissipate bindUnblock the coolaterals and stop pain |
| Wu gong | Severe spasm and convulsion | detoxify and dissipate bindUnblock the coolaterals and stop pain |
| Jiang can | Fright epilepsy, abscess and convulsion Deviated mouth and eyes due to wind striking channels and coolaterals | Dispel wind and stop painDetoxify and dissipate bind |
Liver-calming and Yang – subduing Herb（平肝潜阳药）
Characteristics:
①Most herbs are cold and salty in nature.
②Most herbs have functions of calming the liver and subduing Yang.
③Used for dizzy head and vision, headache and tinnitus due to ascendant hyperactivity of liver Yang, and red face and eyes, headache, dizziness, restlessness and irascibility due to liver fire flaming upward.
Wind-extinguishing and Tetany -checking Herb（息风止痉药）
Characteristics:
①Enter the liver channel to calm liver wind, stop spasms, spasm and convulsion.
②Used for dizziness that upsets balance, spasm and convulsion due to extreme heat stirring wind liver Yang transforming wind and blood deficiency engendering wind.
Herbs that Expel Parasites（驱虫药）
Definition: Herbs that can chiefly expel or kill human parasites are known as worm-expelling herb. Functions and indications:
Expel and kill intestinal parasites→Intestinal parasitosis
(ascariasis,oxyuriasis,cestodiasis,hookwom disease,fasciolopsiasis,etc.).
Worm-Expelling herb（驱虫药）
| Name | Characteristics for killing parasite | others |
| Bing lang | Parasite in intestinal tract(especially tapeworms) | disperse accumulation and move QiDisinhibit water and reduce edema |
| Shi jun zi | Ascariasis and oxyuriasis | Child gan accumulation |
| Ku lian pi | Syndrome caused by roundworm, pinworm or hookworm | Treat lichen |
| Nan gua zi | Cestodiasis | |
| He cao ya | Cestodiasis | Taken ground to a powder |